What is your name? - Name
What scale is needed to achieve scale efficiencies and overcome cost barriers? - What scale is needed to achieve scale efficiencies and overcome cost barriers?
Not Answered
What approaches could most effectively leverage existing infrastructure, share risks and benefits and overcome scale-up development issues? - What approaches could most effectively leverage existing infrastructure, share risks and benefits and overcome scale-up development issues?
Not Answered
What arrangements should be put in place to prepare for and help manage expected transitional issues as they occur, including with respect to transitioning and upskilling the workforce?
How do we ensure the availability of a skilled and mobile construction workforce and other resources to support scale-up as needed? - What arrangements should be put in place to prepare for and help manage expected transitional issues as they occur, including with respect to transitioning and upskilling the workforce? How do we ensure the availability of a skilled and mobile construction workforce and other resources to support scale-up as needed?
Not Answered
What lessons can be learned from the experience of scaling up supply chains in other industries? - What lessons can be learned from the experience of scaling up supply chains in other industries?
Not Answered
When should the various activities needed to prepare for hydrogen industry scale-up be completed by?
What measures and incentives are needed to achieve? - When should the various activities needed to prepare for hydrogen industry scale-up be completed by? What measures and incentives are needed to achieve
Not Answered
What changes to existing government support and additional measures are needed to: - What changes to existing government support and additional measures are needed rnment support and additional measures are needed
Not Answered
How do we ensure an attractive investment environment for private sector finance? Which methods would be most effective in leveraging maximum private sector finance and which activities should governments prioritise with limited funds? How should these methods change over the short, medium and long term? - How do we ensure an attractive investment environment for private sector finance? Which methods would be most effective in leveraging maximum private sector finance and which activities should governments prioritise with limited funds? How should these methods change over the short, medium and long term?
Not Answered
What level of domestic market support is needed to achieve COAG Energy Council’s ambition of being a major global player in hydrogen? In particular, what types of support will best provide the necessary domestic skills and capabilities and ensure domestic markets are available in the event that international markets do not emerge as quickly or as extensively as expected? - What level of domestic market support is needed to achieve COAG Energy Council’s ambition of being a major global player in hydrogen?
Not Answered
What market and revenue designs and settings will best allow for sustainable growth of the hydrogen industry and an appropriate level of benefits flowing back to the Australian public? - What market and revenue designs and settings will best allow for sustainable growth of the hydrogen industry and an appropriate level of benefits flowing back to the Australian public?
Not Answered
What market signals and settings are needed to capture hydrogen’s sector coupling benefits? When should these market signals and settings be applied? - What market signals and settings are needed to capture hydrogen’s sector coupling benefits? When should these market signals and settings be applied?
Not Answered
How do we best position and sell the benefits to international partners of investing in Australia’s emerging hydrogen industry? - How do we best position and sell the benefits to international partners of investing in Australia’s emerging hydrogen industry?
Not Answered
How could governments support the cost competitiveness of Australia’s hydrogen exports? - How could governments support the cost competitiveness of Australia’s hydrogen exports?
Not Answered
What could governments do to encourage commercial offtake agreements for export? - What could governments do to encourage commercial offtake agreements for export?
Not Answered
How do we balance our global competitiveness with ensuring all Australians benefit when considering the collection of government revenues from hydrogen exports? - How do we balance our global competitiveness with ensuring all Australians benefit when considering the collection of government revenues from hydrogen exports?
Not Answered
What can (or should) be done to ensure an appropriate balance between export and domestic demand? - What can (or should) be done to ensure an appropriate balance between export and domestic demand?
Not Answered
How ambitious is the target of fulfilling 50% of Japan and Korea’s hydrogen imports by 2030? - How ambitious is the target of fulfilling 50% of Japan and Korea’s hydrogen imports by 2030?
Not Answered
When should Australia aim to have a guarantee of origin in place? Why is this timing important? - When should Australia aim to have a guarantee of origin in place? Why is this timing important?
Not Answered
What would be the best initial scope for a guarantee of origin? Why? Should there be two separate schemes for international and domestic requirements? - What would be the best initial scope for a guarantee of origin? Why? Should there be two separate schemes for international and domestic requirements?
Not Answered
Beyond the University of Queensland report referenced above, and published hydrogen strategies from Japan and Korea, what intelligence on consumer and market preferences is available to inform an Australian guarantee of origin? - Beyond the University of Queensland report referenced above, and published hydrogen strategies from Japan and Korea, what intelligence on consumer and market preferences is available to inform an Australian guarantee of origin?
Not Answered
Should a guarantee of origin have an eligibility threshold? If yes, what should it be based on? - Should a guarantee of origin have an eligibility threshold? If yes, what should it be based on?
Not Answered
Who is the most appropriate body to develop and maintain criteria for a guarantee of origin and administer certification? Why? - Who is the most appropriate body to develop and maintain criteria for a guarantee of origin and administer certification? Why?
Not Answered
Do existing regulations adequately manage the potential carbon emissions of a large-scale national hydrogen industry? - Do existing regulations adequately manage the potential carbon emissions of a large-scale national hydrogen industry?
Not Answered
What are the main community concerns about the use of CCS? How can we better manage these concerns and potential CCS projects in regional areas? - What are the main community concerns about the use of CCS? How can we better manage these concerns and potential CCS projects in regional areas?
Not Answered
What are the risks about using desalination plants or water recycling facilities to produce water for electrolysis? - What are the risks about using desalination plants or water recycling facilities to produce water for electrolysis?
Not Answered
How can we best balance the water and land use requirements for environmental, agricultural, community and hydrogen production uses? - How can we best balance the water and land use requirements for environmental, agricultural, community and hydrogen production uses?
Not Answered
Hydrogen production projects will require significant project and environmental approvals at the local, state and federal level. What approaches could help to manage these approvals to facilitate industry development while providing suitable environmental and natural resource protections and managing community expectations? When do these approaches need to be in place by? - Hydrogen production projects will require significant project and environmental approvals at the local, state and federal level. What approaches could help to manage these approvals to facilitate industry development while providing suitable environmental and natural resource protections and managing community expectations? When do these approaches need to be in place by?
Not Answered
What are the most important standards and regulations to have in place to ensure a safe hydrogen industry and address the community expectations? - What are the most important standards and regulations to have in place to ensure a safe hydrogen industry and address the community expectations?
Not Answered
As an individual, how would you like to be engaged on hydrogen projects? Which aspects would you like to be kept informed of? Which aspects would you like to be consulted on? Are there any types of issues or challenges that you, or affected communities, would want to be a part of formulating solutions and recommendations? - As an individual, how would you like to be engaged on hydrogen projects? Which aspects would you like to be kept informed of? Which aspects would you like to be consulted on? Are there any types of issues or challenges that you, or affected communities, would want to be a part of formulating solutions and recommendations?
Not Answered
What are the best ways of engaging diverse communities in regional and remote areas? - What are the best ways of engaging diverse communities in regional and remote areas?
Not Answered
What role could an industry code of conduct play in gaining community support for hydrogen projects? What community engagement principles would you like to see in an industry code of conduct? - What role could an industry code of conduct play in gaining community support for hydrogen projects? What community engagement principles would you like to see in an industry code of conduct?
Not Answered
What governance structures (such as legislation and regulation) would the federal, state and local governments need to put in place for a large scale hydrogen facility? - What governance structures (such as legislation and regulation) would the federal, state and local governments need to put in place for a large scale hydrogen facility?
Not Answered
What further lessons can we learn from the mining, resources and renewable energy sectors about establishing and maintaining community support? - What further lessons can we learn from the mining, resources and renewable energy sectors about establishing and maintaining community support?
Not Answered
Which existing gas distribution networks or stand-alone systems are ‘hydrogen ready’ and which are not? What safe upper limit applies? Does this readiness include meters, behind-the-meter infrastructure, and appliances? - Which existing gas distribution networks or stand-alone systems are ‘hydrogen ready’ and which are not? What safe upper limit applies? Does this readiness include meters, behind-the-meter infrastructure, and appliances?
Not Answered
What is the potential to have a test project of 100% hydrogen use in a small regional location and where? - What is the potential to have a test project of 100% hydrogen use in a small regional location and where?
Not Answered
Which standards and regulations can be harmonised across jurisdictions considering the different structures and market settings (e.g. safety, codes of practice)? - Which standards and regulations can be harmonised across jurisdictions considering the different structures and market settings (e.g. safety, codes of practice)?
Not Answered
What roles should government and industry play in addressing any consumer concerns and building social acceptance? - What roles should government and industry play in addressing any consumer concerns and building social acceptance?
Not Answered
How could the actions included in Table 2 be improved? Are there other actions that should be added? - How could the actions included in Table 2 be improved? Are there other actions that should be added?
Not Answered
How can hydrogen production best be integrated with current electricity systems (for instance, should large-scale hydrogen production be connected to current electricity systems)? Are there barriers or risks to integration that need be addressed in the Strategy? - How can hydrogen production best be integrated with current electricity systems (for instance, should large-scale hydrogen production be connected to current electricity systems)? Are there barriers or risks to integration that need be addressed in the Strategy?
How can hydrogen production best be integrated with current electricity systems (for instance, should large-scale hydrogen production be connected to current electricity systems)? Are there barriers or risks to integration that need be addressed in the Strategy?
Using traditional electrolyser technology, adding large-scale hydrogen production to the electricity grid has the potential to both lift demand for more expensive gas-fired dispatchable power as variable renewables penetration increases, whilst exacerbating viability of the hydrogen plant due to either/both input costs or utilisation of plant. Viability may only be achieved after 2030.
The economics of green hydrogen production using renewables can be vastly improved if instead grid connected Nickel-Iron Battolyser technology was used. A Battolyser is a battery that also produces hydrogen and in simple terms operates under three modes "charge", "discharge" and "overcharge/hydrogen production". The technology has been developed by TUDelft and being trialled with Nuon Vattenfall in the Netherlands at the Magnus Power Plant based on the hydrogen-producing flaw of Thomas Edison's 1901 nickel-iron battery technology.
Like the Hornsdale Power Reserve, a Nickel-Iron battery can engage on all segments of the NEM FCAS market (regulation and contingency, raise and lower), the energy market, and any emerging sub 6 second contingency markets. Like Hornsdale, consumer energy prices can be kept lower by undercutting gas peaking power.
Based on data from Neoen, Hornsdale Power Reserve has proven to be a highly profitable market participant. However asset utilisation analysis of the Hornsdale Power Reserve shows that their is a large opportunity to use parts of the battery for other purposes throughout the year: if only there was something we could use this asset for?
Enter the Battolyser technology.
A detailed concept stage techno-economic analysis using ACCC, AER, Platts, LME and TUDelft data applied to various scenarios in NSW using the up to 400MW FCAS dispatch in the NSW NEM region at the prevailing market rate suggests that less than $8/GJ HHV equivalent Hydrogen can be produced, which translates to less than $2/kg Hydrogen. Electrolysers seem unable to match this in the short term. The highly competitive green hydrogen makes the proposed import terminal at Port Kembla with $10/GJ or $12/GJ natural gas seem ridiculous. Sensitivity analysis suggests that the economics improve with increasing scale up until the FCAS market is fully serviced, however varying the battery/hydrogen utilisation ratio can maintain profitability and competitiveness against natural gas at smaller scales too. Increased renewables penetration and closures of Coal such as at Liddell would obviously increase the potential for FCAS. I note that the techno-economic analysis assumed Sea Water Reverse Osmosis (SWRO), which makes the hydrogen production drought immune. The presence of SWRO makes negligible effect on the economics.
Green hydrogen that is cheaper than natural gas on an energy basis, along with large storage such as in a gas grid would facilitate the possibility of seasonal energy storage to potentially use existing peaking gas plant in a new “winter” role, such as potentially arranged at the Newcastle Gas Storage Facility operated by AGL.
Barriers and risks to integration are from the displacement/supply of FCAS by Snowy 2.0 undermining the economics at the larger scale, the availability of large scale low priced renewables connected to grids (green energy supply and FCAS demand), the proximity of existing deep water ports and ammonia plant (Gladstone, Newcastle) and their technical scope and Orica’s interest for expansion, the timing of various actors including coal retirements, Japan/Korea demand for green hydrogen and Japan/Korea reduction in thermal coal demand from Australia, especially thermal coal exposed Newcastle. Finally, the battolyser technology is still requires some development effort to progress along the innovation cost curve and meet the fundamental cost my analysis reveals.
What, if any, future legislative, regulatory and market reforms are needed to ensure hydrogen supports, rather than hinders, electricity system operation and delivers benefits for consumers (for example by reducing demand during high price events)? What is the timeframe, and priority, for these changes? - What, if any, future legislative, regulatory and market reforms are needed to ensure hydrogen supports, rather than hinders, electricity system operation and delivers benefits for consumers (for example by reducing demand during high price events)? What is the timeframe, and priority, for these changes?
Grid connected hydrogen plant should be promoted to engage in demand response and FCAS. The NEM should reward high speed precision FCAS supplied by systems like grid scale batteries. All states should consider a non-market state government controlled energy security reserve clause for market participant hydrogen plant similar to the Hornsdale Power Reserve with the South Australian government.
GW scale grid connected hydrogen plant using Battolyser technology can provide governments with surety under a range of “non-credible” contingency events that would otherwise lead to an SA like black system outcome. Note that a battolyser operating in hydrogen production mode is “fully charged” from the point of view of grid services.
Variable renewables should be encouraged to seek contracts with grid services providing hydrogen export plant, even over alternatives like grid batteries, to provide dispatchable renewables when they connect to the grid.
The timeframe should be to legislate or regulate so that projects can proceed in time for coal plant retirement. Liddell’s retirement is proceeding with pumped storage and battery options because no real place for hydrogen export has been made by Australian governments.
Do current market frameworks incentivise the potential value of hydrogen to support electricity systems? What initiatives or changes required? - Do current market frameworks incentivise the potential value of hydrogen to support electricity systems? What initiatives or changes required?
Several factors conspire against market:
A 5 minute settlement & dispatch regime must be bedded in rather than the 5 minute dispatch / 30 minute settlement regime on the NEM.
An additional high speed (1 second, or less) response contingency up & down within the FCAS market should be created to reward the stabilisation effect that grid batteries and the hydrogen battolyser have upon the grid.
Do current market frameworks allow for sector coupling and interactions between different markets that may result from hydrogen production (such as the interplay between gas, electricity, and transport sectors)? If not, what changes are required? - Do current market frameworks allow for sector coupling and interactions between different markets that may result from hydrogen production (such as the interplay between gas, electricity, and transport sectors)? If not, what changes are required?
The sector coupling, whilst present, lacks transparency. For example gas fired electricity often involves private contracts with limited market visibility, and certainly not low friction interactions.
Similarly, the limited electric vehicle install base has been accompanied with a relative blindness to the effects either at a distribution network view or to a grid operation & generation point of view.
Information sharing, perhaps using anonymising techniques, is required across these interacting markets.
What factors should be considered when selecting pilot and demonstration projects? How can government best support pilots and demonstrations? - What factors should be considered when selecting pilot and demonstration projects? How can government best support pilots and demonstrations?
An important factor that should be considered for pilot projects is the value to kick start an energy transition from coal for local communities.
Another important factor is the availability of a deep water port for export operations so that a scale can be achieved which will deliver lower cost hydrogen.
The presence of existing ammonia plant and industrial electric load and related social license.
I note that the LaTrobe and Hunter Valley areas both are seeking transition opportunities. However I would argue that Newcastle is in a far better position to take a pilot to scale because of the confluence of many of these factors. I note also that the Kooragang Island Hexavalent Chromium incident can actually be turned into a social license virtue if the root cause steam methane reformer were replaced with a green hydrogen alternative. LaTrobe must instead wade through Ramsay wetland issues to make a port where there is none.
What groups or companies could lead a consortium approach to building refuelling infrastructure? - What groups or companies could lead a consortium approach to building refuelling infrastructure?
Not Answered
What groups or companies could coordinate procurement of hydrogen cars, buses and ferries? - What groups or companies could coordinate procurement of hydrogen cars, buses and ferries?
Not Answered
Other than emissions limits and procurement policies, how could government actions (federal, state or local) support private investment in vehicles and infrastructure? - Other than emissions limits and procurement policies, how could government actions (federal, state or local) support private investment in vehicles and infrastructure?
Not Answered
How can governments and industry reduce the financial, technology and operational risks of purchasing new technology vehicles? - How can governments and industry reduce the financial, technology and operational risks of purchasing new technology vehicles?
Not Answered
What are some ways hydrogen vehicles could be showcased and demonstrated to the community at large? - What are some ways hydrogen vehicles could be showcased and demonstrated to the community at large?
Not Answered
What are the key enablers and realistic timelines for a transition to: - What are the key enablers and realistic timelines for a transition to:
Not Answered
Hydrogen as a chemical feedstock - Hydrogen as a chemical feedstock
Not Answered
Hydrogen for industrial heat - Hydrogen for industrial heat
Not Answered
Supplying clean hydrogen for industrial users - Supplying clean hydrogen for industrial users
Not Answered
Technical considerations in transition to clean hydrogen - Technical considerations in transition to clean hydrogen
Not Answered
Hydrogen safety and regulation for industrial users - Hydrogen safety and regulation for industrial users
Not Answered
Role for governments in supporting a transition to clean hydrogen - Role for governments in supporting a transition to clean hydrogen
Not Answered
Unique ID
